What Is Pleiotropy Definition and Examples

Pleiotropy refers to the expression of multiple traits by a single gene. These expressed traits may or may not be related. Pleitropy was first noticed by geneticist Gregor Mendel, who is known for his famous studies with pea plants. Mendel noticed that plant flower color (white or purple) was always related to the color of the leaf axil (area on a plant stem consisting of the angle between the leaf and upper part of the stem) and  seed coat. The study of pleitropic genes is important to genetics as it helps us to understand how certain traits are linked in genetic diseases. Pleitropy can be spoken of in various forms: gene pleiotropy, developmental pleiotropy, selectional pleiotropy, and antagonistic pleiotropy. Key Takeaways: What Is Pleiotropy? Pleiotropy is the expression of multiple traits by a single gene.Gene pleiotropy is focused on the number of traits and biochemical factors impacted by a gene.Developmental pleiotropy is focused on mutations and their influence on multiple traits.Selectional pleiotropy is focused on the number of separate fitness components affected by a gene mutation.  Antagonistic pleiotropy is focused on the prevalence of gene mutations that have advantages early in life and disadvantages later in life. Pleiotropy Definition In pleiotropy, one gene controls the expression of several phenotypic traits. Phenotypes are traits that are physically expressed such as color, body shape, and height. It is often difficult to detect which traits may be the result of pleitoropy unless a mutation occurs in a gene. Because pleiotropic genes control multiple traits, a mutation in a pleiotropic gene will impact more than one trait.   Typically, traits are determined by two alleles (variant form of a gene). Specific allele combinations determine the production of proteins which drive the processes for the development of phenotypic traits. A mutation occurring in a gene alters the DNA sequence of the gene. Changing gene segment sequences most often results in non-functioning proteins. In a pleiotropic gene, all of the traits associated with the gene will be altered by the mutation. Gene pleiotropy, also referred to as molecular-gene pleiotropy, focuses on the number of functions of a particular gene. The functions are determined by the number of traits and biochemical factors impacted by a gene. Biochemical factors include the number of enzyme reactions catalyzed by the protein products of the gene. Developmental pleiotropy focuses on mutations and their influence on multiple traits. The mutation of a single gene manifests in the alteration of several different traits. Diseases involving mutational pleiotropy are characterized by deficiencies in multiple organs that impact several body systems. Selectional pleiotropy focuses on the number of separate fitness components affected by a gene mutation. The term fitness relates to how successful a particular organism is at transferring its genes to the next generation through sexual reproduction. This type of pleiotropy is concerned only with the impact of natural selection on traits. Pleiotropy Examples An example of pleiotropy that occurs in humans is sickle cell disease. Sickle cell disorder results from the development of abnormally shaped red blood cells. Normal red blood cells have a biconcave, disc-like shape and contain enormous amounts of a protein called hemoglobin. Comparison of sickle cells and normal red blood cells.   ttsz / Getty Images Plus Hemoglobin helps red blood cells bind to and transport oxygen to cells and tissues of the body. Sickle cell is a result of a mutation in the beta-globin gene. This mutation results in red blood cells that are sickle-shaped, which causes them to clump together and become stuck in blood vessels, blocking normal blood flow. The single mutation of the beta-globin gene results in various health complications and causes damage to multiple organs including the heart, brain, and lungs. PKU PKU Testing.   Scientifica / Getty Images Plus Phenylketonuria, or PKU, is another disease resulting from pleiotropy. PKU is caused by a mutation of the gene responsible for the production of an enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase. This enzyme breaks down the amino acid phenylalanine that we get from protein digestion. Without this enzyme, levels of the amino acid phenylalanine increase in the blood and damage the nervous system in infants. PKU disorder may result in several conditions in infants including intellectual disabilities, seizures, heart problems, and developmental delays. Frizzled Feather Trait This image illustrates aspects of the frizzle chicken phenotype. Adult homozygous frizzle chicken feathers curve away from the body.   Ng, Chen Siang, et al. PLoS Genet 8(7): e1002748. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002748 The frizzled feather trait is an example of pleiotropy seen in chickens. Chickens with this particular mutated feather gene display feathers that curl outward as opposed to lying flat. In addition to curled feathers, other pleiotropic effects include a faster metabolism and enlarged organs. The curling of the feathers leads to a loss of body heat requiring a faster basal metabolism to maintain homeostasis. Other biological changes include higher food consumption, infertility, and sexual maturation delays. Antagonistic Pleiotropy Hypothesis Antagonistic pleiotropy is a theory proposed to explain how senescence, or biological aging, can be attributed to natural selection of certain pleiotropic alleles. In antagonistic pleiotropy, an allele that has a negative impact on an organism can be favored by natural selection if the allele also produces advantageous effects. Antagonistically pleiotropic alleles that increase reproductive fitness early in life but promote biological aging later in life tend to be selected for by natural selection. The positive phenotypes of the pleiotropic gene are expressed early when reproductive success is high, while the negative phenotypes are expressed later in life when reproductive success is low. SEM of sickle cell and normal red blood cells.   Callista Images / Getty Images Sickle cell trait is an example of antagonistic pleiotropy in that the Hb-S allele mutation of the hemoglobin gene provides advantages and disadvantages for survival. Those who are homozygous for the Hb-S allele, meaning that they have two Hb-S alleles of the hemoglobin gene, have a short life span due to the negative impact (damage to multiple body systems) of the sickle cell trait. Those who are heterozygous for the trait, meaning that they have one Hb-S allele and one normal allele of the hemoglobin gene, do not experience the same degree of negative symptoms and show resistance to malaria. The frequency of the Hb-S allele is higher in populations and regions where malaria rates are high. Sources Carter, Ashley Jr, and Andrew Q Nguyen. Antagonistic Pleiotropy as a Widespread Mechanism for the Maintenance of Polymorphic Disease Alleles. BMC Medical Genetics, vol. 12, no. 1, 2011, doi:10.1186/1471-2350-12-160.Ng, Chen Siang, et al. The Chicken Frizzle Feather Is Due to an ÃŽ ±-Keratin (KRT75) Mutation That Causes a Defective Rachis. PLoS Genetics, vol. 8, no. 7, 2012, doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002748.  Paaby, Annalise B., and Matthew V. Rockman. The Many Faces of Pleiotropy. Trends in Genetics, vol. 29, no. 2, 2013, pp. 66–73., doi:10.1016/j.tig.2012.10.010.  Ã‚  Phenylketonuria. U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/phenylketonuria.

Evolution of Slavery in Justice Essay - 1183 Words

Slavery is immoral. Why? Because we hold this truth to be self-evident: that all men are created equal? Because life, liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness are unalienable rights endowed by our Creator? (â€Å"Declaration of Independence.† 1776.) Well, not all men are created equal. At least according to our Founding Fathers, African tribes, 18th century Europeans, the ancient Romans and Greeks, and †¦ the Bible. As a matter of fact, slavery has not been immoral from humanity’s (also to be interpreted as America’s) standpoint but for only 150 years. Why then can we so firmly and undeniably declare that slavery is immoral? The answer lies in the writings of great political visionaries like Solon, Aristotle, Cicero, Locke, Marx, and Lincoln.†¦show more content†¦Acknowledging the sanctity of human life was the first step towards the abolition of slavery. With the sanctity of human life comes Moses, Exodus, and the Ten Commandments. Moses delivered the Israelites from slavery and together they journeyed to Mount Sinai where God gave Moses the sacred stone tablets. These tablets were inscribed not only with the Ten Commandments, but also with new ethical laws that the Israelites were to obey. What tends to be lost in translation, however, is the specific laws regarding slavery. Hebrew men were allowed to purchase other Hebrew men as slaves, but they may only enslave them for a total of six years. The families belonging to the enslaved party will be handed over to the purchaser unless the slave was married beforehand. Men who bought Hebrew women as slaves did not have to release them after the six year period. Instead the man is only limited in the fact that he cannot sell her to foreigners. (Exodus 21:2-11 NLT.) Moses had seen the cruelties that befall slaves, so he attempted to define a more justifiable form of slavery. By freeing the Hebrew males after six years, Moses is acknowledging that there is a limit on how harsh the term of enslavement can be. In just three hundred years the morality of slavery has shifted from, â€Å"One man cannot harm another man’s slave,† to, â€Å"Slavery of certain people is only justifiable for a small number of years, and then they must be set free.† The foundation laid by the Code ofShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke: Second Treatise of Civil Government Essay900 Words   |  4 Pagesunder these circumstances is the person who has been wronged. The basic principle of justice is that the punishment should be proportionate to the crime. When victims are judging a crime; they likely to judge it of greater severity than an impartial judge. As a result, there will be miscarriages of justice. Slavery: Is the state of being in the absolute or arbitrary power of another. On Lockes definition of slavery there is only one way to become a legitimate slave. 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Supply of Gas in Australia-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Analyze the Market type that usually Prevails in Supply of Gas in Australia. Answer: Introduction: Economics as a subject deals with market and market dynamics among other concepts. A market is generally known to be a place where buyers and sellers interact in order to maximize individual as well as overall welfare. Markets, however, can be of different types based on the nature of commodity, number of buyers and sellers and other determining factors. A perfectly competitive market is an extreme example of free market with no barriers and uniform distribution of market power among buyers and sellers (Kirzner 2015). However, there are obvious exceptions to this hypothetical market namely, oligopoly, monopolistic competition and monopoly. These are generally examples of imperfectly competitive ones, monopoly being the other extreme form of market. The report tries to analyze the market type that usually prevails in supply of gas in Australia. To study the market type and the consequences of that market on the concerned industry the report takes reference of the article named, Gas su pplier monopoly pricing hits domestic users hard: ACCC, by Stephen Letts (Abc.net.au, 2017). Storys Essence: Monopoly market implies the presence of single seller or seller group in an economy with innumerable buyers, thereby implying that the seller enjoys almost all of the market power and price making powers. The article takes into account the presence of monopoly pricing powers of the eastern state suppliers of gas and operators of pipelines. It tries to address the issue of misusage of this monopoly power by these gas providers in the country (Gillespie 2014). The assessment conducted by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission shows the presence of substantial evidences of monopoly pricing by majority of the gas providers in this region. In addition to monopoly pricing, the absence of appropriate and sufficient regulatory measures is also noticed in this market (Abc.net.au, 2017). Gas being one of the most essential household consumption commodity and a primary source of energy for Australian households, this issue raises concern among the government officials and policy mak ers. The commodity in conern being one of the primary essential ones, the suppliers are enjoying a tremendously high demand for their product, thereby gaining control of huge market power. On the other hand, monopoly power of these suppliers collectively and a presence of cost effectiveness are keeping out any kind of external competition out of the market, thereby making the consumers the direct sufferers of this issue (Ekelund Jr and Hbert 2013). The market though claimed to be highly regulated, in reality lacks proper regulatory measures, with even less than twenty per cent of the east cost suppliers coming under the regulations of the National Gas Law of the country. The industry also suffers from lack of transparency regarding imposition of restrictions and policy implications thereby affecting the clientele adversely (Nelson et al. 2013). Economic Interpretations: Monopoly market necessarily implies the presence of full market power in the hand of the supplier, as he is the only one supplying the product, which in general is assumed to have considerably high demand. The only interest of a monopolist is necessarily maximization of his own profit. The seller being a price-maker and not a price-maker, in the long run he is expected to earn economic profit as the surplus generated is attributed to him solely (Longley 2013). From the above figure, it can be seen that, in this market, due to a presence of difference between the cost of production and the price at which it is sold there is presence of economic profit for the supplier in the long ring unlike that of the perfectly competitive market (Rios, McConnell and Brue 2013). The above discussion implies that, in this scenario due to the presence of monopoly power in the hand of the gas providers and a simultaneous absence of appropriate regulatory policies on these providers, they are trying to maximize their economic profit and to do that they are resorting to stiff monopoly pricing in this market (Abc.net.au, 2017). Policy Recommendations: The continuous and stiff monopoly pricing by the gas suppliers cartel and consequent sufferings of the direct consumers of the product, which includes the households of the Australian economy, can be controlled with the help of correcting restrictive policy measures on part of the government. The projected price hike in this sector can be curbed to considerable extent with the help of price control mechanisms such as imposition of price ceilings on these producers which will force them to keep their prices below a certain maximum level. Monopoly power of these producers can also be decreased by opening the market to foreign competitors, who will help in taking the overall price levels down to certain extent (Cramton and Ockenfels 2012). Conclusion: It is evident from the above discussion that currently Australia is facing a monopolistic situation in the market of one of its most essential household commodity. This is posing as a matter of great concern for the Australian government. The absence of proper regulatory mechanism in the market being the main reason for this monopoly pricing, imposition of proper price ceilings and opening the market to potential competitors of these gas providers, can solve this particular problem substantially References Abc.net.au (2017).Gas supplier monopoly pricing hits domestic users hard: ACCC. [online] ABC News. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-22/gas-supplier-monopoly-pricing-hits-domestic-users/7350338 [Accessed 24 Aug. 2017]. Cramton, P. and Ockenfels, A., 2012. Economics and design of capacity markets for the power sector.Zeitschrift fr Energiewirtschaft,36(2), pp.113-134. Ekelund Jr, R.B. and Hbert, R.F., 2013.A history of economic theory and method. Waveland Press. Gillespie, A., 2014.Foundations of economics. Oxford University Press, USA. Kirzner, I.M., 2015.Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago press. Longley, N., 2013. Introduction. InAn Absence of Competition(pp. 1-7). Springer New York. Nelson, T., Nelson, J., Ariyaratnam, J. and Camroux, S., 2013. An analysis of Australia's large scale renewable energy target: Restoring market confidence.Energy Policy,62, pp.386-400. Rios, M.C., McConnell, C.R. and Brue, S.L., 2013. Economics: Principles, problems, and policies. McGraw-Hi

The winner is one Review Essay Example

The winner is one Review Paper Essay on The winner is one With the work of Paulo Coelho I already knew before reading this book, and without guile, I can say that it works I sympathize. Therefore, the new novel of his, I began to read, while in some anticipation, especially considering the intriguing title. The plot, I must say, is not devoid of originality, though it can not be called a genius. Rich successful Russian businessman, who some time ago abandoned his wife, arrives at the Cannes Film Festival, where at the moment are his ex-wife with a new lover. Arrives and begins one by one to kill random people. Guilt him, however, almost no glozhit, because he believes that this is his mission and for the sake of love should go all out! In parallel with the storyline develops and sideline. And it demonstrates the history of people trying to get into the world of fashion and beauty, movies and celebrities. And impressions of people have already achieved in this area very top. Reveals the basic principles of functioning of the world of fashion and cinema. For me, the story line of a side is quite clear, there is much to ponder. To reflect on the true values ​​of the person, his aspirations and meet the expectations of rich and poor, goals and achievements of greed, deceit and the influence of money on the fate and behavior of the people and of how false and strange is the world of fashion and a great movie. We will write a custom essay sample on The winner is one Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The winner is one Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The winner is one Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer With the storyline difficult. In any case, I, as yet, failed to grasp its meaning and to understand what the author wanted to convey. The intertwining of these complex emotions such as love, jealousy, hatred, taking sometimes very intricate shapes. And the ending of this story another confirmation of this. Ironically, but I was fascinated by the protagonist (Igor), but I can not justify his murder. If it happened in real life and touched me, that the victim would have been me or one of the people close to me, I would have called him a crazed, unfeeling brute, which is not clear from what motives imagines himself the supreme arbiter. In fact, in the shower until the last warmth something like hope that it will not get caught. Strange :) The style is not quite standard. The narrative throughout the book switched with the story about the thoughts and actions of one character to another, being diluted biographies and experiences of persons of tritium. All the action of the book takes place in the context of a single day. In summary we can say that this book deserves to be read and is an actual relatively prosperous today the world of fashion and cinema. And much love and so much the more is a timeless and classical theme.

Business Process Management and Reengineering

Introduction A few decades ago, many businesses experienced slow change or remained static due to poor management or non-visionary leadership practices. However, an enormous difference exists between the ancient and current business scenarios.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Business Process Management and Reengineering specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Contemporary organisations are characterised by tremendous changes due to continued innovation in the field of technology. This situation has ensured a neck-to-neck competition among various business entities. Highly performing businesses have to adapt to the ever-shifting plans and processes that are implemented to capture new market niches. Various changes in management orientations have led to emergence of practices such as Business Process Management (BPM), Business Process Reengineering (BPR), and Enterprise Integration (EI) among others. This article review s two organisational approaches that include Business Process Management and Business Process Reengineering by exploring their differences and benefits to modern enterprises. Business Process Management (BPM) and Business Process Reengineering (BPR) BPM is an approach that is systematically implemented in an enterprise to ensure improvement of all automated and non-automated processes. It plays a crucial role in linking together all the activities in the entity. For example, there must be a well-stipulated collaboration between the organisation, information technology, and staff. This approach is accomplished to align the staff with varying business processes and information (Ryan, Stephen, Wah 2009). In addition, BPM ensures that the enterprise is able to define, apply, and manage all its activities that pertain to interactions among employees and implementation of various types of applications.Advertising Looking for article on business economics? Let's see if we can help y ou! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This situation promotes efficient handling of the vast dynamic change procedures and processes (Ryan, Stephen, Wah 2009). Business process management must portray features that include modelling of methods that dictate the development and performance of various applications and integration of technologies. For instance, the management of technological business processes demands deployment of competent personnel who can use the internet to retrieve data and display information with a view of maintaining efficient running of all processes in the organisation (Chen, Chiang, Storey 2012; Ryan, Stephen, Wah 2009). BPM must also exhibit a thoroughgoing monitoring technique of various business activities. The reports of these activities must be shown promptly to ensure smooth and express flow of information (Chen, Chiang, Storey 2012). Most performing managers practice BPM through warranting effective re-designing, implementatio n, documentation, monitoring of activities, control, and measuring of any activities that are carried out. Such managers also embrace flexibilities through the BPM cycle that includes vision, design, modelling, execution, monitoring, and optimising processes (Leymann, Roller, Schmidt 2002). This situation ensures efficient implementation of change processes with a view of achieving organisational goals. Various components that managers who practice BPM should consider include laying out robust platforms for modelling and implementing applications and business rules (process engineering). They should also apply proper business analysis with a view of identifying management issues, current trends, and opportunities.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Business Process Management and Reengineering specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Figure 1: showing sample Business Process Management with respect to Information Techn ology (Gulledge Sommer 2002). The reaction to such issues is paramount to the overall success of the organisation (Ravesteyn Ronald 2010). Other components that have to be considered in BPM include proper handling and management of contents that pertain to proper documentation of company information. However, modern businesses are highly advised to use electronic means for data storage. Lastly, the managers must embrace collaboration through minimisation of barriers that exist among the different departments (Ravesteyn Ronald 2010). The diagram above summarises how a BPM tool can be implemented in an organisation to improve its processes through integration of activities, systems, and personnel. Business Process Reengineering Redesigning the performance of activities in an organisation is termed as process reengineering. Many enterprises worldwide have implemented business process redesigning to suit organisational goals. Therefore, Business Process Reengineering (BPR) is a rapid and radical change that involves restructuring various business processes or the whole enterprise with an aim of improving production, quality, and cycle time.Advertising Looking for article on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This process is initiated by the management through formulation of new strategies that are aimed at improving the value of the organisation to meet the consumer needs (Ryan, Stephen, Wah 2009; Al-Mashari, Irani, Zairi 2001). The process of reengineering ensures that most of the unproductive aspects such as costly processes that are difficult to implement in production are eliminated. The approach encompasses the reorganisation of the operational aspects of the entity to come up with the relevant cross-functional processes. It also includes the implementation of technology in data processing to improve communication and decision-making processes (Al-Mashari, Irani, Zairi 2001). However, BPR demands a proper lay out of activities that are in tandem with various factors that affect the operations of the enterprise. At the outset, a refocus must be ensured to include company values that are related to the needs of consumers. Secondly, the processes must be redesigned using the releva nt and current information technology systems to guarantee improved production and flow of activities. In addition, the business enterprise must be reshaped to capture the cross-functional and responsible teamwork based on end-to-end processes. Other aspects that the designers must take into account include rethinking of issues that are related directly or indirectly to the organisation, workforce, and overall improvement of the business processes (Caron, Jarvenpaa, Stoddard 1994). Proper implementation of BPR ensures that enterprises reduce costs and cycle time. This state of affairs is achieved through redesigning the operational processes to get rid of unproductive processes and underperforming employees who implement such procedures (Caron, Jarvenpaa, Stoddard 1994). Various operational groups that exist in the organisation are rationalised in a way that is relevant to the required expertise to reduce aspects of management layers. This situation promotes the flow of informatio n. It also ensures minimisation of errors during the production processes. Other companies also practice business process reengineering to improve the quality of products through establishment of transparent and clear ownership of various organisational activities. This situation results in effective measurement of personnel performance due to efficient feedback. Other reasons that compel business entities to embrace BPR include improving the competitive nature of the enterprise, expansion purposes, and urge to embrace current technology among others with a view of ensuring the continuance of the enterprise (Caron, Jarvenpaa, Stoddard, 1994). Figure 2: Sample flow chart of BPR in a company (Aguilar-Saven 2004). Differences between BPM and BPR Business Process Management Business Process Reengineering It re-implements the processes in place It starts from scratch Low risks are involved There is higher risks involved There is a continuous change Change is done at a specific time that is suitable for redesigning processes The time taken to implement the process is less It takes a lot of time to implement BPR The outcome is always continuous The outcome is seen as drastic There are less expenses incurred There are more expenses incurred The culture of the organisation is not changed The culture of the organisation is changed Table 1: The table shows the differences between BPM and BPR. Advantages of Business Process Management The primary advantage of business process management is that it enables efficient planning and alignment of organisational functions to meet the needs of the consumers. It also ensures that the executive management provides clear directions, monitors, and measures the available resources to improve production while minimising costs that are incurred in the process (Jennings, Norman, Faratin, O’Brien, Odgers 2000). Implementation of the BPM also results in the improved efficiency, minimisation of errors, transpar ency, and accountability of processes. This state of affairs is achieved through proper monitoring of activities and expenditures. Accurate and timely information is crucial for the management of organisational processes since it promotes opportune formulation of production decisions (Jennings et al. 2000). Another advantage of the BPM is its ability to ensure simplicity and adherence to regulations. This state of affairs is realised through maintenance of clear records that are in tandem with the government protocols concerning the operations of the entity. The updated records ensure cost reductions that can be incurred due to non-compliance. There is also avoidance of wastages that are related to BPM. Regular performance of BPM promotes identification of errors, wastes, and areas that result in inefficiency (Trkman 2010). It also creates safer working conditions. Finally yet importantly, the BPM enables the management to ensure improved production through frequent learning during the operations (Trkman 2010). Summary of BPM and BPR From the above detailed examination of the BPM and BPR, it can be concluded that the two processes are complement each other in the realisation of organisational targets. It is clear that implementation of BPR prompts the enterprise to change its vision, value, and mission. Therefore, organisations should scrutinise this approach in depth to ensure that the risks that are involved in its execution are covered. BPR implementation also leads to restructuring of various critical aspects of the organisation such as the cooperate culture. This approach is different from the BPM, which allows for flexibility. BPM deals with a few processes at a given time. Furthermore, there are no risks involved in implementing BPM. However, more expenses accompany the application of BPR; hence, it increases the operational risks (Leymann, Roller, Schmidt 2002). Conclusion The article has critically examined BPM and BPR processes that affect the norma l operations of any organisation upon their implementation. Nonetheless, it is realised that both of the operational processes are beneficial to the organisation since they are concerned with consumer needs. The BPM technique is more advantageous because it requires less time and cost of implementation. In addition, the strategy does not interfere with the company’s corporate culture. Its outcome is also continuous. On the other hand, the business process reengineering is perceived as expensive and time-consuming. Nonetheless, a drastic change in performance and outcome is always expected upon its application. Therefore, managers should focus on implementing the BPM since it does not interfere with the company’s culture. However, enterprises that require an overhaul of their organisations, a BPR technique can be beneficial, especially when the company culture, location, and values are to be changed. References Aguilar-Saven, R 2004, ‘Business process modeling: Re view and framework’, International Journal of production economics, vol. 90 no. 2, pp. 129-49. Al-Mashari, M, Irani, Z Zairi, M 2001, ‘Business process reengineering: a survey of international experience’, Business Process Management Journal, vol. 7 no. 5, pp. 437-55. Caron, J, Jarvenpaa, S Stoddard, D 1994, ‘Business reengineering at CIGNA Corporation: experiences and lessons learned from the first five years’, Mis Quarterly, vol. 18 no. 3, pp. 233-50. Gulledge Jr, T Sommer, R 2002, ‘Business process management: public sector implications’, Business Process Management Journal, vol. 8 no. 4, pp. 364-76. Jennings, N, Norman, T, Faratin, P, O’Brien, P Odgers, B 2000, ‘Autonomous agents for business process management’, Applied Artificial Intelligence, vol. 14 no. 2, pp. 145-189. Ko, R, Lee, S Lee, E 2009, ‘Business process management (BPM) standards: a survey’, Business Process Management Journal, vol. 15 no. 5, pp. 744-91. Leymann, F, Roller, D Schmidt, M 2002, ‘Web services and business process management’, IBM systems Journal, vol. 41 no. 2, pp. 198-211. Ravesteyn, P Batenburg, R 2010, ‘Surveying the critical success factors of BPM-systems implementation’, Business Process Management Journal, vol. 16 no. 3, pp. 492-507. Trkman, P 2010, ‘The critical success factors of business process management’, International Journal of Information Management, vol. 30 no. 2, pp. 125-34. This article on Business Process Management and Reengineering was written and submitted by user Kat Farrell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

What field of business should you pursue based on your personality

What field of business should you pursue based on your personality So you’re thinking about pursuing business but have no clue where you would fit in best? Should you become a public accountant, a digital marketer, or maybe even human resources? The possibilities are endless in business. You are bound to find your perfect match based on what you enjoy doing. This quiz is perfect in helping you decide where your skills will shine in the business field.  Source [ Playbuzz ]

Innovative Organizations in the UAE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Innovative Organizations in the UAE - Essay Example It also merged with GasCities to improve production and increase its presence in the market across Europe and America. The firm is also a top innovative organization because it engages in the acquisition, discovery and expansion of fuel concessions (Al, 238). The other top innovative firm is the Emirates Airline that operates cargo and passenger services. The company is engaged in sports sponsorship of top football clubs across Europe, such as Real Madrid, PSG and Arsenal among others (Wilson 32). This helps it with increasing its market base beyond the UAE borders with the aim of beating competition from Etihad Airways. The company also comes up with considerable offers that favor international passengers with its continuous commercial flights. Emirates Airline is a recognized brand that launches latest flights from the Boeing Company to enhance luxury, class and comfort (Wilson 56). It is significant to launch and diversify the products and services to create a distinction from the competitors’ products. As a result, Emirates Airlines and Crescent Petroleum are among the innovative organizations in the